The upper two cervical segments formed by atlanto-occiptal & atlanto-axial joints are anatomically dissimilar from the functional units below. In this article, I am going to share some insights th...
The majority of symptomatic disc herniations are found at the lower two lumbar interspaces, that is, about 50% at L4–5 and 47% at L5-S1 (1). The remaining 3% are found at higher lumbar levels (1). A r...
The neck has anatomic structures that are involved in balance control (cervical afferents), vascular tone regulation (carotid sinuses), blood circulation (carotid and vertebral arteries), and mechanic...
The nerve roots supplying the lumbosacral region originate from the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord and terminate in the conus medullaris, the cone-shaped lower end of the spinal cord. The tip of ...
Many physiotherapists find it challenging to determine the direction in which the spine should be mobilized or manipulated in patients with painful radiculopathies. There are 2 methods to detect the c...